Stones occur within the urinary bladder due to incomplete bladder emptying, urinary stasis, and/or chronic bladder infections. With time, the urine that is not voided begins to harbor bacteria and contain higher amounts of mucus, sediment and urinary minerals, eventually resulting in a bladder calculus. Surgical options for patients…
For kidney and ureteral stones that are too large (usually larger than 2 centimeters), too numerous, or too dense to be treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or ureteroscopy, PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy or stone extraction) offers a minimally invasive method of removing these stones. Historically, large kidney and…
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was introduced in the early 1980s as a completely noninvasive therapy to break up stones within the kidney and ureter. The Department of Urology at the University of Florida was one of six sites within the United States to investigate the efficacy of ESWL…
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