Infections

For kidney and ureteral stones that are too large (usually larger than 2 centimeters), too numerous, or too dense to be treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or ureteroscopy, PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy or stone extraction) offers a minimally invasive method of removing these stones. Historically, large kidney and…

Kidney stone disease affects approximately one in every 500 individuals in the United States each year. Over a lifetime, 1 in 8 men (peak incidence of 40-60 years) and 1 in 16 women (peak incidence 20-50 years) will develop this disease. Almost $2 billion was spent…